Dutch (Dutch Belgium) Keyboard Layout
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Extra talen toevoegen en inschakelen in Windows
Windows XP
Voer de volgende stappen uit om een taal en een toetsenbordinstelling toe te voegen in Windows XP:
- Klik in het standaardstartmenu van Windows XP op Start en klik op Configuratiescherm.
Klik in het klassieke startmenu van Windows XP op Start, klik op Instellingen en klik op Configuratiescherm.
- Dubbelklik op Landinstellingen.
- Open het tabblad Talen en klik op Details onder Tekstservices en invoertalen.
- Klik op Toevoegen onder Geïnstalleerde services en klik op de taal die u wilt toevoegen en de toetsenbordindeling die u voor die taal wilt gebruiken.
- Als u de instellingen voor de taalbalk wilt configureren, klikt u op Taalbalk onder Voorkeursinstellingen.
Dutch language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dutch (Nederlands (help·info)) is a West Germanic language spoken by over 22 million people as a native language,[1][2] and about 5 million people as a second language.[3] Most native speakers live in the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname, with smaller groups of speakers in parts of France, Germany and several former Dutch colonies. It is closely related to other West Germanic languages (e.g., English, West Frisian and German) and somewhat more remotely to the North Germanic languages.
Writing system
Dutch is written using the Latin alphabet. Arguably the Dutch have one additional character beyond the standard alphabet, the digraph IJ. It has a relatively high proportion of doubled letters, both vowels and consonants. This is due to the formation of compound words and also to the spelling devices for distinguishing the many vowel sounds in the Dutch language. An example of five consecutive doubled letters is the word voorraaddoos (supply box).
The diaeresis (Dutch: trema) is used to mark vowels that are pronounced separately. In the most recent spelling reform, a hyphen has replaced the diaeresis in compound words (i.e., if the vowels originate from separate words, not from prefixes or suffixes), e.g. zeeëend (seaduck) is now spelled zee-eend.
The acute accent occurs mainly on loanwords like café, but can also be used for emphasis or to differentiate between two forms. Its most common use is to differentiate between the indefinite article ‘een’ (a, an) and the numeral ‘één’ (one); also ‘hé’ (hey, also written ‘hee’).
The grave accent is used to clarify pronunciation (’hè’ [what?, what the ...?, tag question 'eh?'], ‘bèta’) and in loanwords (’caissière’ [female cashier], ‘après-ski’). In the recent spelling reform, the accent grave was dropped as stress sign on short vowels in favour of the acute accent (e.g. ‘wèl’ was changed to ‘wél’).
Other diacritical marks such as the circumflex only occur on a few words, most of them loanwords from French.
The official spelling is set by the Wet schrijfwijze Nederlandsche taal (Law on the writing of the Dutch language; Belgium 1946, Netherlands 1947; based on a 1944 spelling revision; both amended in the 1990s after a 1995 spelling revision). The Woordenlijst Nederlandse taal, more commonly known as “het groene boekje” (i.e. “the green booklet”, because of its colour), is usually accepted as an informal explanation of the law. However, the official 2005 spelling revision, which reverted some of the 1995 changes and made new ones, has been welcomed with a distinct lack of enthusiasm in both the Netherlands and Belgium. As a result, the Genootschap Onze Taal (Our Language Society) decided to publish an alternative list, “het witte boekje” (”the white booklet”), which tries to simplify some complicated rules and offers several possible spellings for many contested words. This alternative orthography is followed by a number of major Dutch media organisations but mostly ignored in Belgium.
Dutch alphabet
| Letter | Letter name | Pronunciation |
|---|---|---|
| A | /a/ | /a/ or /ɑ/ |
| B | /be:/ | /b/ or /p/ [1] |
| C | /se:/ | /k/ or /s/ |
| D | /de:/ | /d/ or /t/ [1] |
| E | /e:/ | /e/, /ɛ/ or /ə/ |
| F | /ɛf/ | /f/ |
| G | /χe:/ |  : /χ/,  : /ʝ/[2] |
| H | /ɦa/ | /ɦ/ |
| I | /i/ | /i/, /ɪ/, /ə/ or /j/[3] |
| J | /je:/ | /j/ |
| K | /ka/ | /k/ |
| L | /ɛɫ/ | l[4] or /ɫ/[5] |
| M | /ɛm/ | /m/ |
| N | /ɛn/ | /n/ |
| O | /o:/ | /o/ or /ɔ/ |
| P | /pe:/ | /p/ |
| Q[6] | /ky/ | /k/ |
| R | /ɛɹ/ | /r/[7] or /ɹ/[5] (allophonic) |
| S | /ɛs/ | /s/ |
| T | /te:/ | /t/ |
| U | /y/ | /y/, /ʏ/ or /ʋ/[8] |
| V | /ve:/ | /v/ or /f/ [1] |
| W | /ʋe:/ | : /ʋ/[9] or /w/[10],  : /w/ |
| X[6] | /ɪks/ | /ks/ |
| Y[6] | /ɛɪ/[11] | /ɪ/, /i/ or /j/ |
| Z | /zɛt/ | /z/ |
The digraph IJ is sometimes considered to be a separate letter (usually replacing, placed before or together with Y).
“E” is the mostly frequently used letter in the Dutch alphabet, usually representing a schwa sound. The least frequently used letters are “Q”, “X”, and “Y”.
Dutch orthography uses the Latin alphabet according to a system which has evolved to suit the needs of the Dutch language. The regular relationship of graphemes to phonemes is listed in the article on Dutch language. This article will explain the present spelling system, and then trace the development of Dutch spelling as it has evolved from the Middle Ages through to the last two centuries when frequent government decrees sought to improve and simplify the system.
The present spelling system
The spelling system of the Dutch language is issued by government decree and is compulsory for all government documentation and educational establishments.
Basic graphemes
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- ^ in words descending from Latin
- ^ like in English, q can only be followed by a u, and this combination is pronounced [kw], just in a few words it is more common to pronounce it as [k]
- ^ r is silent before g in some dialects
- ^ when followed by i, /s/ in southern dialects and in some loan words
- ^ In southern dialects x is sometimes pronounced [ɡz] between vowels, this usually is not the case in northern dialects
- ^ a b y usually represents a vowel, either [i] or [ɪ] in both open and closed syllables, and only in a few loan words it represents a consonant
- ^ a b c d e In the Southern dialects of Dutch, these are not diphthongs, in the northern dialects they are.
- ^ though it is unnecessary to write ie in open syllables, it is commonly done so, and at a word end [i] is usually written ie, rarely i
Double vowels or consonants
Since Dutch has many more vowels than the Latin alphabet, a system has come into use indicating vowels by an intricate system of single and double vowels or consonants. The same letter is used to indicate a pair of vowels that are close to each other in the IPA vowel space. Depending on the particular phonological treatise, the members of each pair are given various names: sharp/dull, clear/dim, free/checked, tense/lax, open/closed, long/short. Although vowel length is generally not phonemic in Dutch, one of each pair is pronounced slightly longer by many speakers, so the naming long/short is traditionally used to explain the orthography system and will be used here as well, even though some of the other indications might be more accurate.
| Written letter | Long phoneme | Short phoneme |
|---|---|---|
| a | aː | ɑ |
| e | eː | ɛ |
| i | iː | ɪ |
| o | oː | ɔ |
| u | yː | ʏ |
Some linguists propose using /ɵ/ instead of /ʏ/ as a more precise rendition for the short u. The length signs ː are somewhat arbitrary as they do not mark a phonemic difference and the actual length varies with stress and the speed of speech.
The spelling rules for a, e, o, u are very regular, apart from e also being used for the neutral schwa sound /ə/ in unstressed syllables, thus giving it three possible interpretations. As the position of the stress in a polysyllabic word is not indicated in the spelling this may lead to some confusion.
The following basic rules are simple:
- A vowel in an open syllable (one ending with the vowel) is long:
- po (’chamber pot’) has a long /oː/
- A vowel in a closed syllable (one ending with a consonant) is short, unless the vowel is doubled to show its length:
- pot (’pot’) has a short /ɔ/
- poot (’paw’) has a long /oː/
More confusing for learners is the additional rule for polysyllabic words:
- The first syllable is open if it is followed by a single consonant, since this consonant belongs to the following syllable. There have to be two consonants for one of them to be closing the first syllable. So:
- poot has plural poten; the “t” belongs to the second syllable so the syllables divide po-ten. As the first syllable is open, a double “oo” is no longer required to mark the long vowel /oː/.
- pot has plural potten; the syllables divide pot-ten, so the double “t” indicates the first syllable is now closed and has the short vowel /ɔ/.
Much confusion is caused by the many words that change their vowel in declensions. For example the plural of lot is loten, not lotten as would be regular. So in fact:
- lot to loten keeps the same spelling “o”, but changes sound /ɔ/ to /oː/ (irregular)
- poot to poten changes spelling “oo” to “o”, but keeps the same sound /oː/ (regular)
Similarly vat changes vowel to vaten and gebed to gebeden.
pad has two plurals according to the meaning: paden (paths) or padden (toads).
Rules for i are more complicated. In the past the language did indeed have a doubled ii. To avoid confusion with a handwritten u, it became customary to lengthen the second i to a letter j, thus forming ij, initially pronounced (as it still is in some dialects) as a long /iː/. In the standard language the sound shifted to a diphthong /ɛi/. In the modern language a long i is usually written as ie, even in open syllables. In loanwords however, a single i is often used.
When vowels appear in front of an ‘r’, their value may be affected. Compare e.g:
- bord: /bɔrt/
- boord: /bɔːrt/ (instead of /boːrt/)
- ver: /vɛr/
- veer: /vɪːr/ (instead of /veːr/)
The vowels <oe> /u/ and <eu> /ø/ do not possess a long/short version.
The ‘t kofschip rule
Weak verbs form their past tenses by addition of a dental, ‹d› or ‹t›. Because final consonants are always devoiced, there is no difference in pronunciation between these in the participle. However, the orthography operates as though this devoicing did not take place.
The rule is that words ending in voiceless consonants take the voiceless -t-, voiced consonants the voiced d. Dutch children are taught the rule ‘t kofschip is met thee beladen, (”the merchant ship is loaded with tea”), that is, if the verb stem in the infinitive ends with the consonants of ‘t kofschip (-t, -k, -f, -s, -ch or -p), the past tense dental is a -t-; otherwise it is a -d-.
- werken, ik werkte (to work)
- krabben, ik krabde (to scratch)
English-speaking learners of Dutch can use the mnemonic phrase soft ketchup.
| Dutch Nederlands |
||
|---|---|---|
| Pronunciation: | [ˈneːdərlɑnts] | |
| Spoken in: | as native language in the Netherlands, Belgium (Flanders and Brussels), Suriname, Aruba, Netherlands Antilles, Indonesia, French Flanders (France), Lower Rhine (Germany).notable immigrant minorities in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States; small ex-colonial minority in Indonesia.
Afrikaans, albeit derived from Dutch, is considered a separate standard language and is spoken in South Africa and Namibia. |
|
| Total speakers: | ||
| Ranking: | 37 (according to the Nederlandse Taalunie),[4] 40,[5] 43,[6] 46 (ranking by SIL estimate) | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Germanic West Germanic Low Franconian Dutch |
|
| Writing system: | Latin alphabet (Dutch variant) | |
| Official status | ||
| Official language in: |  Aruba Belgium Netherlands Netherlands Antilles Suriname Benelux European Union Union of South American Nations |
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| Regulated by: | Nederlandse Taalunie (Dutch Language Union) |
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | nl | |
| ISO 639-2: | dut (B) | nld (T) |
| ISO 639-3: | nld | |
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