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Azerbaijani language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Azerbaijani (also Azeri, Azari, Azeri Turkic, Azerbaijani Turkic) is a language belonging to the Turkic language family, spoken in southwestern Asia, primarily in Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. Azeri is member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages and is closely related to Turkish.

Azerbaijani alphabet

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In Republic of Azerbaijan, the Azerbaijani alphabet may refer to either of two alphabets used to write the Azerbaijani language: one Cyrillic-based alphabet and one Latin-based alphabet. These superseded a previous version formed from the Arabic alphabet.
In Iran, the Perso-Arabic script is used to write the Azeri language, with several characters borrowed from other Arabic-based writing systems or invented for Azeri. While there has been a few standardization efforts, the orthography and the set of letters to use differs widely among Iranian Azeri writers, with at least two major branches, the orthography used by Behzad Behzadi and the Azari magazine, and the orthography used by the Varliq magazine (both are quarterlies published in Tehran).

Transliteration

The Perso-Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets each have a different sequence of letters. The table below is ordered according to the latest Latin alphabet:
Azerbaijani Alphabet Transliteration Table
Perso-Arabic    Latin    Cyrillic    Latin    IPA
—1918    1918–1939    1939–1991    1992—
ﺍ    A a    А а    A a    [ɑ:]
ﺏ    B в    Б б    B b    [b]
ﺝ    Ç ç    Ҹ ҹ    C c    [ʤ]
چ    C c    Ч ч    Ç ç    [ʧ]
ﺩ    D d    Д д    D d    [d]
ﻩ    E e    Е е    E e    [ɛ]
ع    Ə ə    Ə ə    Ə ə    [æ]
ﻑ    F f    Ф ф    F f    [f]
گ    G g    Ҝ ҝ    G g    [gʲ]
ﻍ    Ƣ ƣ    Ғ ғ    Ğ ğ    [ɣ]
ﺡ,ﻩ    H h    Һ һ    H h    [h]
ﺥ    X x    Х х    X x    [x]
ی    Ь ь    Ы ы    I ı    [ɯ]
ی    I i    И и    İ i    [ɪ]
ژ    Ƶ ƶ    Ж ж    J j    [ʒ]
ک    K k    К к    K k    [k]
ﻕ    Q q    Г г    Q q    [g]
ﻝ    L l    Л л    L l    [l]
ﻡ    M m    М м    M m    [m]
ﻥ    N n    Н н    N n    [n]
ﻭ    O o    О о    O o    [ɔ]
ﻭ    Ɵ ɵ    Ө ө    Ö ö    [œ]
پ    P p    П п    P p    [p]
ﺭ    R r    Р р    R r    [r]
ﺙ,ﺱ,ﺹ    S s    С с    S s    [s]
ﺵ    Ş ş    Ш ш    Ş ş    [ʃ]
ﺕ,ﻁ    T t    Т т    T t    [t]
ﻭ    U u    У у    U u    [u]
ﻭ    Y y    Ү ү    Ü ü    [y]
ﻭ    V v    В в    V v    [v]
ی    J j    Ј ј    Y y    [j]
ﺫ,ﺯ,ﺽ,ﻅ    Z z    З з    Z z    [z]
n the Republic of Azerbaijan, North Azeri now officially uses the Latin alphabet, but the Cyrillic alphabet is also in wide use, while in Iran, South Azeri uses the Perso-Arabic script. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets for North Azeri (although the Cyrillic alphabet has a different order):
Aa    Аа    آ ا
Əə    Әә    ا ه
Bb    Бб    ب
Cc    Ҹҹ    ج
Çç    Чч    چ
Dd    Дд    د
Ee    Ее    ئ
Ff    Фф    ف
Gg    Ҝҝ    گ
Ğğ    Ғғ    غ
Hh    Һһ    ه ح
Xx    Хх    خ
Iı    Ыы    ی
İi    Ии    ی
Jj    Жж    ژ
Kk    Кк    ک
Qq    Гг    ق
Ll    Лл    ل
Mm    Мм    م
Nn    Нн    ن
Oo    Оо    و
Öö    Өө    ؤ
Pp    Пп    پ
Rr    Рр    ر
Ss    Сс    س ص ث
Şş    Шш    ش
Tt    Тт    ت ط
Uu    Уу    و
Üü    Үү    و
Vv    Вв    و
Yy    Јј    ی
Zz    Зз    ز ذ ظ ض
Before 1929, Azeri was only written in the Perso-Arabic script. In 1929–1938 a Latin alphabet was in use for North Azeri (although it was different from the one used now), from 1938 to 1991 the Cyrillic alphabet was used, and in 1991 the current Latin alphabet was introduced, although the transition to it has been rather slow. If written in the Latin alphabet, all foreign words are transliterated, for example, “Bush” becomes “Buş”, and “Schröder” becomes “Şröder”.
South Azeri speakers in Iran have always continued to use the Perso-Arabic script, although the spelling and orthography is not yet standardized.

Nomenclature

In 1992–1993, when Azerbaijan Popular Front Party was in power in Azerbaijan, the official language of Azerbaijan was renamed by the parliament to Türk dili (”Turkic”). However, since 1994 the Soviet era name of the language, Azərbaycan dili (”Azerbaijani”), has been re-established and reflected in the Constitution. Varlıq, the most important literary Azeri magazine published in Iran, uses the term Türki (”Turkish” in English or “Torki” in Persian) to refer to the Azeri language. South Azeri speakers in Iran often refer to the language as Türki, distinguishing it from İstambuli Türki (”Anatolian Turkish”), the official language of Turkey. Some people also consider Azeri to be a dialect of a greater Turkish language and call it Azərbaycan Türkcəsi (”Azerbaijani Turkish”), and scholars such as Vladimir Minorsky used this definition in their works. ISO and the Unicode Consortium, call the macrolanguage “Azeri” and its two varieties “North Azeri” and “South Azeri”. According to the Linguasphere Observatory, all Oghuz languages form part of a single ‘outer language’ of which “Azeri-N.” and “Azeri-S.” are ‘inner languages’.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes of Standard Azeri
Labial    Dental/
Alveolar    Post-
alveolar    Palatal    Velar    Glottal
Nasal    m    n̪
Stop    p    b    t̪    d̪    tʃ    dʒ    c    ɟ    k    ɡ
Fricative    f    v    s̪    z̪    ʃ    ʒ        x    ɣ    h
Approximant        l        j
Tap        ɾ
/tʃ/ and /dʒ/ are realised as [ts] and [dz] respectively in the areas around Tabriz and to the west, south and southwest of Tabriz (including Kirkuk in Iraq); in the Nakhchivan and Ayrum dialects, in Jabrayil and some Caspian coastal dialects;[22]
In many dialects of Azeri, /c/ is realized as [ç] when it is found in the coda position or is preceded by a voiceless consonant (as in çörək [tʃœˈɾæç] - “bread”; səksən [sæçˈsæn] - “eighty”).
/k/ appears only in words borrowed from Russian or French (spelled, as with /c/, with a k).
/w/ exists in the Kirkuk dialect as an allophone of /v/ in Arabic loanwords.
In the Baku dialect, /ov/ may be realised as [oʷ], and /ev/ and /œv/ as [œʷ], e.g. /ɡovurˈma/ → [ɡoʷurˈma], /sevˈda/ → [sœʷˈda], /dœvˈran/ → [dœʷˈran][citation needed]

Azerbaijani

Azərbaycan dili (Latin script)

Азәрбајҹан дили (Cyrillic script)

آذربایجان دیلی (Perso-Arabic script)

Pronunciation:    /azærbajdʒan dili/
Spoken in:     Iran,
Azerbaijan,
Georgia,
Russia,
UK
USA
Uzbekistan
Syria
Iraq[1],
Turkey,
Ukraine,
Canada
Total speakers:    31 million [2]
Ranking:    34th (native speakers)
Language family:    Altaic[3] (controversial)
Turkic
Oghuz
Azerbaijani
Writing system:    Latin alphabet for North Azeri in Azerbaijan, Perso-Arabic script for South Azeri in Iran, and, formerly, Cyrillic alphabet for North Azeri (Azerbaijani variants)
Official status
Official language in:     Azerbaijan (North Azeri),
Iran - constitutional status as a regional language
Regulated by:    No official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1:    az
ISO 639-2:    aze
ISO 639-3:    variously:
aze – Azerbaijani (generic)
azj – North Azerbaijani
azb – South Azerbaijani