Lithuanian Keyboard Layout

Frontype is a virtual on-screen keyboard for fast typing.

Pridėti įvesties kalbą “Windows Vista”

Galite redaguoti dokumentus įvairiomis kalbomis, keičiant kalbą (įvesties kalba) į kurį tipą. Įvesties kalbos kartu su Windows, bet jums reikia, įtraukite juos į savo sąrašą kalbomis galite juos naudoti.

1.
Atidarykite Regiono ir kalbos parinktys spustelėję mygtuką Pradėti, spustelėję Valdymo skydas, paspaudę Laikrodis, kalba ir regionas, tada spustelėkite Regiono ir kalbos parinktys.
2.
Spustelėkite skirtuką Klaviatūros ir kalbos, tada spustelėkite Keisti klaviatūros.
3.
Pagal The paslaugos, spustelėkite Pridėti.
4.
Dukart spustelėkite kalbą, kurią norite pridėti, dukart spustelėkite teksto paslaugos, kurią norite pridėti, pažymėkite tekstą paslaugų variantus, kuriuos norite įtraukti, tada spustelėkite Gerai.

Kaip pridėti ir įgalinti papildomas kalbas Windows XP

Norėdami įdiegti kitą kalbą ir klaviatūros išdėstymą, Windows XP, atlikite šiuos veiksmus:
1. Į Windows XP standartinis meniu Pradėti, spustelėkite Pradėti, tada spustelėkite Valdymo skydas. Į Windows XP klasikinis meniu Pradėti, spustelėkite Pradėti, spustelėkite Parametrai, tada spustelėkite Valdymo skydas.
2. Dukart spustelėkite Regiono ir kalbos parinktys.
3. Spustelėkite Kalbos, tada spustelėkite duomenys pagal “Teksto paslaugos ir įvesties kalbos”.
4. Spauskite Pridėti pagal “The paslaugos”, tada spustelėkite kalbą, kurią norite pridėti, ir klaviatūros išdėstymą, kurį norite naudoti tą kalbą.
5. Norìdami nustatyti parametrus Kalbos juostoje spustelėkite Kalba Baras pagal “Nustatymai”.

Lithuanian language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. There are about 2.96 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 170,000 abroad. Lithuanian is a Baltic language, closely related to Latvian, although they are not mutually intelligible. It is written in the Roman script.

Writing system

Like many of the Indo-European languages, Lithuanian employs a modified Roman script. It is composed of 32 letters. The collation order presents one surprise: “Y” is moved to occur between “Į” (I nosinė) and “J” because “Y” actually represents a prolonged /iː/.
A    Ą    B    C    Č    D    E    Ę    Ė    F    G    H    I    Į    Y    J    K    L    M    N    O    P    R    S    Š    T    U    Ų    Ū    V    Z    Ž
a    ą    b    c    č    d    e    ę    ė    f    g    h    i    į    y    j    k    l    m    n    o    p    r    s    š    t    u    ų    ū    v    z    ž
Lithuanian writing system is largely phonetical, i.e., one letter usually corresponds to a single phoneme. Nevertheless, there are a few exceptions, for example, the letter i represents either the sound similar to i in the English lit or softens the preceding consonant (iu = ü, io = ö, etc.).
Acute, grave, tilde and macron accents can be used to mark stress and vowel length. However, these are generally not written, except in dictionaries, grammars, and where needed for clarity. In addition, the following digraphs are used, but are treated as sequences of two letters for collation purposes. It should be noted that the “Ch” digraph represents a velar fricative, while the others are straightforward combinations of their component letters.
Dz dz [dz](dzė), Dž dž [dʒ](džė), Ch ch [x](cha).

Sounds

Vowels
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.
Lithuanian has 12 written vowels. In addition to the standard Roman letters, the ogonek (’little tail’) accent (conventionally known as the caudata) is used to indicate long vowels, and is a historical relic of a time when these vowels were nasalized (as ogonek vowels are in modern Polish), and at an even earlier time had made diphthongs with an ‘n’ sound (now done only in South Aukštaitijan dialects).
Majuscule    A    Ą    E    Ę    Ė    I    Į    Y    O    U    Ų    Ū
Minuscule    a    ą    e    ę    ė    i    į    y    o    u    ų    ū
IPA    ɐ
aː    aː    ɛ
æː    æː    eː    ɪ    iː    iː    ɔ
oː    ʊ    uː    uː
Consonants
Lithuanian uses 20 consonant characters, drawn from the Roman alphabet. In addition, the digraph “Ch” represents a voiceless velar fricative (IPA [x]); the pronunciation of other digraphs can be deduced from their component elements.
Majuscule    B    C    Č    D    F    G    H    J    K    L    M    N    P    R    S    Š    T    V    Z    Ž
Minuscule    b    c    č    d    f    g    h    j    k    l    m    n    p    r    s    š    t    v    z    ž
IPA    b    ʦ    ʧ    d    f    ɡ    ɣ    j    k    l    m    n    p    r    s    ʃ    t    ʋ    z    ʒ
Phonology
Consonants
labial    dental    alveo-
dental    alveolar    alveo-
palatal    velar
plosives    voiceless    p    t                   k
voiced    b    d                   ɡ
fricatives    voiceless    f         s         ʃ    x
voiced              z         ʒ    ɣ
affricates    voiceless              ʦ         ʧ
voiced              ʣ         ʤ
nasal    m              n
liquid    lateral                   l
glide    ʋ                        j
rhotic trill                   r
Each consonant (except [j]) has two forms: palatalized and non-palatalized ([bʲ] - [b],[dʲ] - [d], [ɡʲ] - [ɡ] and so on). The consonants [f x ɣ] and their palatalized versions are only found in loanwords. The consonants preceding vowels [i] and [e] are always moderately palatalized, a feature common to East Slavic languages and not present in the Latvian language.
Unreleased stops are common in the Lithuanian language over released plosives.
(Adapted from http://www.lituanus.org/1982_1/82_1_02.htm with necessary changes according to Lithuanian Language Encyclopedia[4])
Vowels
There are two possible ways to organize the Lithuanian vowel system. The traditional pattern has six long vowels and five short ones, with length as its distinctive feature:
Front    Central    Back
Long    Short    Long    Short
High    iː    i         uː    u
Mid    eː              oː    o
Mid-low    ɛː    ɛ
Low              ɐː         ɑ
(Adapted from http://www.lituanus.org/1982_1/82_1_02.htm and http://www.lituanus.org/1972/72_1_05.htm .)
However, at least one researcher suggests that a tense vs. lax distinction may be the actual distinguishing feature, or may be at least equally important as vowel length.[5] Such a hypothesis yields the chart below, where ‘long’ and ’short’ have been preserved to parallel the terminology used above.
Front    Back
Long    Short    Long    Short
High    iː    ɪ    uː    ʊ
Mid    eː    ε    oː    ɔ
Low    æː    a    ɐː    ʌ
[edit]Variation
Lithuanian language is one of a highly conservative phonetics, but this does not exclude some historical changes in it, a variation in dialects or variation depending on a position of a sound. Examples include o [oː] ← ā, uo ← ō historical alternations, a narrowing of a more open ending sound of a word in some cases: motina (nom. sg.) ‘mother’ ← mātinā, mātinās → motinos (gen. sg.); variation between shorter and longer I-st persons’ marker u-uo in verbs, depending on its final position: keliu ‘I lift (something)’ - keliuosi ‘I get up; I am getting up’ (reflexive); a variation between d, t and affricates dž, č, when they are palatalized: pat-s nom. sg. ‘himself; myself; itself’, pat-ies gen. sg., pač-iam dat. sg.

Grammar

The Lithuanian language is a highly inflected language in which the relationships between parts of speech and their roles in a sentence are expressed by numerous inflections.
There are two grammatical genders in Lithuanian - feminine and masculine. There is no neuter gender per se, but there are some forms which are derived from the historical neuter gender, notably attributive adjectives. There are five noun and three adjective declensions.
Nouns and other parts of nominal morphology are declined in seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, and vocative. In older Lithuanian texts three additional varieties of the locative case are found: illative, adessive and allative. The most common are the illative, which still is used, mostly in spoken language, and the allative, which survives in the standard language in some idiomatic usages. The adessive is nearly extinct. These additional cases are probably due to the influence of Finno-Ugric languages with which Baltic languages have had a long-standing contact (Finno-Ugric languages have a great variety of noun cases a number of which are specialised locative cases).
Lithuanian has a free, mobile stress, and is also characterized by pitch accent.
The Lithuanian verbal morphology shows a number of innovations. Namely, the loss of synthetic passive (which is hypothesized based on the more archaic though long-extinct Indo-European languages), synthetic perfect (formed via the means of reduplication) and aorist; forming subjunctive and imperative with the use of suffixes plus flexions as opposed to solely flections in , e. g., Ancient Greek; loss of the optative mood; merging and disappearing of the -t- and -nt- markers for third person singular and plural, respectively (this, however, occurs in Latvian and Old Prussian as well and may indicate a collective feature of all Baltic languages).
On the other hand, the Lithuanian verbal morphology retains a number of archaic features absent from most modern Indo-European languages (but shared with Latvian). This includes the synthetic formation of the future tense with the help of the -s- suffix; three principal verbal forms with the present tense stem employing the -n- and -st- infixes.
There are three verbal conjugations. All verbs have present, past, past iterative and future tenses of the indicative mood, subjunctive (or conditional) and imperative moods (both without distinction of tenses) and infinitive. These forms, except the infinitive, are conjugative, having two singular, two plural persons and the third person form common both for plural and singular. Lithuanian has the richest participle system of all Indo-European languages, having participles derived from all tenses with distinct active and passive forms, and several gerund forms.
In practical terms, the rich overall inflectional system renders word order less important than in more isolating languages such as English. A Lithuanian speaker may word the English phrase “a car is coming” as either “atvažiuoja automobilis” or “automobilis atvažiuoja”.
Lithuanian also has a very rich word derivation system and an array of diminutive suffixes.
The first prescriptive grammar book of Lithuanian was commissioned by the Duke of Prussia, Frederick William, for use in the Lithuanian-speaking parishes of East-Prussia. It was written in Latin and German by Daniel Klein and published in Königsberg in 1653/1654. The first scientific Compendium of Lithuanian language was published in German in 1856/57 by August Schleicher, a professor at Prague University. In it he describes Prussian-Lithuanian which later is to become the “skeleton” (Buga) of modern Lithuanian.
Today there are two definitive books on Lithuanian grammar: one in English, the “Introduction to Modern Lithuanian” (called “Beginner’s Lithuanian” in its newer editions) by Leonardas Dambriūnas, Antanas Klimas and William R. Schmalstieg, and another in Russian, Vytautas Ambrazas’ “Грамматика литовского языка” (”The Grammar of the Lithuanian Language”). Another recent book on Lithuanian grammar is the second edition of “Review of Modern Lithuanian Grammar” by Edmund Remys, published by Lithuanian Research and Studies Center, Chicago, 2003.