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Gujarati language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Gujarati (ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī?) is an Indo-Aryan language, and part of the greater Indo-European language family. It is native to the Indian state of Gujarat, and is its chief language, as well as of the adjacent union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
There are about 46.1 million speakers of Gujarati worldwide, making it the 26th most spoken native language in the world. Along with Romany and Sindhi, it is among the most western of Indo-Aryan languages. Gujarati was the first language of Mohandas K. Gandhi, the “father of India”, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the “father of Pakistan,” and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the “iron man of India.”

Gujarati

ગુજરાતી गुजराती گُجراتی Gujǎrātī
Pronunciation:    /gudʒ.(ə)’ɾɑ̈t̪i/
Spoken in:    India, Pakistan, South Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, U.S., UK, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Canada, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Total speakers:    46.1 million[1]
Ranking:    26
Language family:    Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Indo-Aryan
Western Indo-Aryan
Gujarati
Writing system:    Gujarati script
Official status
Official language in:    Gujarat (India)[1][2]
Regulated by:    No official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1:    gu
ISO 639-2:    guj
ISO 639-3:    guj

Gujarati script

The Gujarati script (ગુજરાતી લિપિ , Gujǎrātī Lipi), which like all Nāgarī writing systems is strictly speaking an abugida rather than an alphabet, is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. It is a variant of Devanāgarī script differentiated by the loss of the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a small number of modifications in the remaining characters.
With a few additional characters, added for this purpose, the Gujarati script is also often used to write Sanskrit.
Gujarati numerical digits are also different from their Devanagari counterparts.

Gujarati characters, diacritics, and numerals

Vowels
Vowels (svara), in their conventional order, are historically grouped into “short” (hrasva) and “long” (dīrgha) classes, based on the “light” (laghu) and “heavy” (guru) syllables they create in traditional verse. The historical long vowels ī and ū are no longer distinctively long in pronunciation. Only in verse do syllables containing them assume the values required by meter.[5]
Finally, a practice of using inverted mātras to represent English [æ] and [ɔ]’s has gained ground.[3]
Independent    Diacritic    Diacritic of ક    Rom.    IPA    Name of diacritic[6]
અ        ક    a    ə
આ    ા    કા    ā    ɑ̈    kāno
ઇ    િ    કિ    i    i    hrasva-ajju
ઈ    ી    કી    ī    dīrgha-ajju
ઉ    ુ    કુ    u    u    hrasva-varaṛũ
ઊ    ૂ    કૂ    ū    dīrgha-varaṛũ
ઋ    ૃ    કૃ    r̥    ɾu
એ    ે    કે    e, ɛ    ek mātra
ઐ    ૈ    કૈ    ai    əj    be mātra
ઓ    ો    કો    o, ɔ    kāno ek mātra
ઔ    ૌ    કૌ    au    əʋ    kāno be mātra
ઍ    ૅ    કૅ    â    æ
ઑ    ૉ    કૉ    ô    ɔ
ર r, જ j and હ h form the irregular forms of રૂ rū, જી jī and હૃ hṛ.
Consonants
Consonants (vyañjana) are grouped in accordance with the traditional, linguistically-based Sanskrit scheme of arrangement, which considers the usage and position of the tongue during their pronunciation. In sequence, these categories are: velar, palatal, retroflex, dental, labial, sonorant and fricative. Among the first five groups, which contain the stops, the ordering starts with the unaspirated voiceless, then goes on through aspirated voicless, unaspirated voiced, and aspirated voiced, ending with the nasal.
Plosive    Nasal    Sonorant    Sibilant
Voiceless    Voiced
Unaspirated    Aspirated    Unaspirated    Aspirated
Velar    ક    ka    kə    ખ    kha    khə    ગ    ga    gə    ઘ    gha    gɦə    ઙ    ṅa    ŋə
Palatal    ચ    cha    tʃə    છ    chha    tʃhə    જ    ja    dʒə    ઝ    jha    dʒɦə    ઞ    ña    ɲə    ય    ya    jə    શ    śha    ʃə
Retroflex    ટ    ṭa    ʈə    ઠ    ṭha    ʈhə    ડ    ḍa    ɖə    ઢ    ḍha    ɖɦə    ણ    ṇa    ɳə    ર    ra    ɾə    ષ    ṣa
Dental    ત    ta    t̪ə    થ    tha    t̪hə    દ    da    d̪ə    ધ    dha    d̪ɦə    ન    na    nə    લ    la    lə    સ    sa    sə
Labial    પ    pa    pə    ફ    pha    phə    બ    ba    bə    ભ    bha    bɦə    મ    ma    mə    વ    va    ʋə
Guttural    હ    ha    ɦə
Retroflex    ળ    ḷa    ɭə
ક્ષ    kṣa    kʃə
જ્ઞ    jña    gnə
Letters can take names, by suffixing કાર kār. ર ra is an exception; it’s called રેફ reph.[7]
Starting with ક ka and ending with જ્ઞ    jña, the order goes[8]:
Plosives & Nasals (left to right, top to bottom) → Sonorants & Sibilants (top to bottom, left to right) → Bottom box (top to bottom)
The final two are compound characters that happen to be traditionally included in the set. They are indiscriminable as to their original constituents, and they are the same size as a single consonant character.
Written (V)hV sets in speech result in murmured V̤(C) sets (see Gujarati phonology#Murmur). Thus (with ǐ = i or ī, and ǔ = u or ū): ha → [ə̤] from /ɦə/; hā → [a̤] from /ɦa/; ahe → [ɛ̤] from /əɦe/; aho → [ɔ̤] from /əɦo/; ahā → [a̤] from /əɦa/; ahǐ → [ə̤j] from /əɦi/; ahǔ → [ə̤ʋ] from /əɦu/; āhǐ → [a̤j] from /ɑɦi/; āhǔ → [a̤ʋ] from /ɑɦu/; etc.
Non-vowel diacritics
Diacritic    Name    Function
ં    anusvāra    Represents vowel nasality or the nasal stop homorganic with the following stop.[8]
ઃ    visarga    A silent, rarely used Sanskrit holdover originally representing [h]. Romanized as ḥ.
્    virāma    Strikes out a consonant’s inherent a.[9]
[edit]Digits
0    ૦    mīṇḍuṃ
1    ૧    ekado
2    ૨    bagado
3    ૩    tragado
4    ૪    chogado
5    ૫    pānchado
6    ૬    chagado
7    ૭    sātado
8    ૮    āthado
9    ૯    navado