Slovak Keyboard Layout

Slovak alphabet

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Slovak alphabet uses a modification of the Latin alphabet. The modifications include the four diacriticals (ˇ, ´, ¨, ^) placed above certain letters.
The lexicographic ordering of the Slovak alphabet is very similar to that of English: A B C D DZ E F G H CH I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z. The complete alphabet, however, allows for characters with diacritics (the character with diacritics always comes after the same character without diacritics) and is as follows: a á ä b c č d ď dz dž e é f g h ch i í j k l ľ ĺ m n ň o ó ô p q r ŕ s š t ť u ú v w x y ý z ž. Note that dz, dž and ch are considered single letters and that ch follows the h (not the c). The letters “q”, “w”, “x” are only used in loanwords, never in native Slovak words.
The names of the letters (like in English ey, bee, cee, dee …) are: a (á), á (dlhé á), ä (prehlasované á; á s dvoma bodkami, široké e), bé, cé, čé, dé, ďé, dzé, džé, e (é), é (dlhé é), ef, gé, há, chá, i (í), í (dlhé í), jé, ká, el, eľ, dlhé el, em, en, eň, o (ó), ó (dlhé ó), ô (ó s vokáňom), pé, kvé, er, dlhé er, es, eš, té, ťé, u (ú), ú (dlhé ú), vé, dvojité vé, iks, ypsilon (ý), dlhé ý, zet, žet (for pronunciation see below)
The characters are divided as follows:
Vowels are: a á ä e é i í o ó y ý u ú (+ r ŕ l ĺ).
Diphthongs are: ia, ie, iu, ô.
Consonants are: b c č d ď dz dž f g h ch j k l ľ ĺ m n ň p q r ŕ s š t ť v w x z ž. The consonants r, l, ŕ, ĺ are considered vowels in certain cases (see Pronunciation).
All vowels, but none of the specific consonants (that is no č, ď, ľ, ĺ, ň, ŕ, š, ť, ž) are available within the Latin-1 encoding.

Slovak language

The Slovak language (slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with slovenščina), sometimes incorrectly called “Slovakian”, is an Indo-European language that belongs to the West Slavic languages (together with Czech, Polish, Silesian, Kashubian, and Sorbian).
The Czech and Slovak languages are mutually intelligible which means that even after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia Czech may be used in all official proceedings and documents in Slovakia, and vice versa.
Slovak is spoken in Slovakia (by 5 million people), the United States (500,000), the Czech Republic (320,000), northern Serbia (60,000), Ireland (30,000), Romania (22,000), Hungary (20,000), Poland (20,000), Canada (20,000), Croatia (5,000), Australia, Austria, Ukraine, and Bulgaria.

Orthography

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.
The primary principle of Slovak spelling is the phonemic principle, “Write as you hear”. The secondary principle is the morphological principle: forms derived from the same stem are written in the same way even if they are pronounced differently. An example of this principle is the assimilation rule (see below). The tertiary principle is the etymological principle, which can be seen in the use of i after certain consonants and of y after other consonants, although both i and y are pronounced the same way. Finally there is the rarely applied grammatical principle, under which, for example, there is a difference in writing (but not in the pronunciation) between the basic singular and plural form of masculine adjectives, for example pekný (nice – sg.) vs pekní (nice – pl.), both pronounced [pekniː].
Most foreign words receive Slovak spelling immediately or after some time. For example, “weekend” is víkend, “software” is softvér (not exclusively), and “quality” is spelled kvalita (possibly from Italian qualità). Personal and geographical names from other languages using Latin alphabets keep their original spelling, unless there is a fully Slovak form for the name (for example Londýn for “London”).
Slovak orthography has changed many times. One of the most important changes was after World War II when s began to be written as z where pronounced as [z] in prefixes, for example smluva into zmluva, sväz into zväz. (That is, the phonemic principle has been given priority over the etymological principle in this case.)
The Slovak alphabet (minus the vowel diacritics) is often used to transcribe Ukrainian or Russian into the Latin alphabet.
The Slovak language has distinctive palatalization. Among the Slavic languages that do not use the Latin alphabet, Slovak is the closest to Rusyn and then to Ukrainian and Russian. Many Slovak words are familiar to Rusyn speakers and to a much lesser extent, Ukrainian speakers.
English word    Slovak    Rusyn    Ukrainian
to buy    kupovať    kupovaty    kupuvaty
Hello!    Vitajte!    Vitajte!    Vitajte!
morning    ráno    rano    rano(k)
Thank you    Ďakujem    Ďakuvu    Ďakuju
How are you doing?    Ako sa máš?    Jak s’a maješ?    Jak spravy? Jak s’a maješ?
The accent (stress) in the standard language is always placed on the first syllable of a word (or on the preceding preposition, see below). This is not the case in certain dialects. The eastern dialects, for example, have penultimate stress, which at times makes them difficult for speakers of Standard Slovak to understand. Some of the north-central dialects have a weak stress on the first syllable, which becomes stronger and “moves” to the penultimate in certain cases. Monosyllabic conjunctions, monosyllabic short personal pronouns and auxiliary verb forms of the verb byť (to be) are, as a rule, not stressed.
Prepositions form a single prosodic unit with the following word, unless the word is long (four syllables or more) or the preposition stands at the beginning of a sentence.
The acute mark (in Slovak “dĺžeň”, “prolongation mark”) indicates a long vowel, for example í = approximately /i:/. This mark may appear on any vowel except “ä” (wide “e”, široké “e” in Slovak). It may also appear above the consonants “l” and “r” (which, in such cases, are considered vowels).
The circumflex (”vokáň”) exists only above the letter “o.” It turns the o into a diphthong (see below).
The umlaut (”prehláska”, “dve bodky” = two dots) is only used above the letter “a.” It indicates a raised vowel, almost an “e”.
The caron (in Slovak “mäkčeň”, “palatalization mark” or “softener”) indicates either palatalization or a change of alveolar fricatives into post-alveolar, in informal Slovak linguistics often called just “palatalization”. Eight consonants can bear a caron. Not all “normal” consonants have a “caroned” counterpart:
In printed texts, the caron is printed in two forms: (1) č, dž, š, ž, ň and (2) ľ, ď, ť (looking more like an apostrophe), but this is just a convention. In handwritten texts, it always appears in the first form.
Phonetically, there are two forms of “palatalization”: ľ, ň, ď, ť are palatalized consonants, while č, dž, š, ž are postalveolar affricates and fricatives.
To accelerate writing, a rule has been introduced that the frequent character combinations ňe, ďe, ťe, ľe, ňi, ďi, ťi, ľi, ňí, ďí, ťí, ľí are simply written ne, de, te, le, ni, di, ti, li, ní, dí, tí, lí (that is without the caron). These combinations are usually pronounced as if there were a caron above the consonant. There are exceptions:
foreign words (for example telefón is pronounced with a hard t and a hard l)
the following words: ten (that), jeden (one), vtedy (then), teraz (now)
nominative masculine plural endings of pronouns and adjectives do not “soften” preceding n, d, t, l (for example tí odvážni mladí muži /tiː odvaːʒniː mladiː muʒi/, the/those brave young men)
short e in adjectival endings, which is derived from long é shortened by the “rhythmical rule” (see below), does not “soften” preceding n, d, t, l (for example krásne stromy /kraːsnɛ…/, beautiful trees, c.f. zelené stromy /zɛlʲɛnɛː…/, green trees)
ľ is current pronounced by many speakers, particularly from western Slovakia, as a non-palatalized l, esp. in li and le where the caron is not written. The palatalized pronunciation of li and le as palatalized has become a middle and eastern dialect feature, or as a sign of hypercorrectness.
In addition, the following rules hold:
When a voiced consonant having a voiceless correspondent (that is b, d, ď, dz, dž, g, h, z, ž) stands at the end of the word before a pause, it is pronounced as a voiceless consonant (that is p, t, ť, c, č, k, ch, s, š, respectively), for example pohyb is pronounced /pohip/, prípad is pronounced /priːpat/
When “v” stands at the end of the syllable, it is pronounced as non-syllabic u (bilabial approximant /u̯/), with the exception of the position before “n” or “ň”, for example, kov /kou̯/ (metal), kravský /krau̯skiː/ (cow - adjective), but povstať /pofstatʲ/ (uprise) because the v is not at the end of the syllable (po-vstať), hlavný /hlavniː/ because “v” stands before “n” here
The assimilation rule: Consonant clusters containing both voiced and voiceless elements are entirely voiced if the last consonant is a voiced one, or voiceless if the last consonant is voiceless. For example, otázka is pronounced /otaːska/, vzchopiť sa is pronounced /fsxopitsːa/. This rule applies also over the word boundary, for example prísť domov /priːzdʲ domou̯/ (to come home), viac jahôd /vi̯adzjahu̯ot/ (more strawberries). The voiced counterpart of “ch” /x/ is /ɣ/.
The rhythmical rule: A long syllable (that is, a syllable containing á, é, í, ý, ó, ú, ŕ, ĺ, ia, ie, iu, ô) cannot be followed by another long syllable in the same word. This rule has morphonemic implications: for example žen-ám but tráv-am) and conjugation (for example nos-ím but súd-im). There are several exceptions to this rule. It is typical of the literary Slovak language, and does not appear in Czech, or in some Slovak dialects.
[edit]Official transcriptions
Slovak linguists do not usually use IPA for phonetic transcription of their own language or others, but have their own system based on the Slovak alphabet. Many English language textbooks make use of this alternative system of ‘phonetic’ transcription, a factor which probably contributes to some Slovaks developing a particular (’incorrect’) pronunciation of certain English phonemes. In the following table, pronunciation of each grapheme is given in this system as well as in the IPA.
grapheme    IPA    transcr.
a    a    a
á    aː    á
ä    æ, ɛ    ä, e
b    b    b
c    t͡s    c
č    t͡ʃ    č
d    d    d
ď    ɟ, dʲ    ď
dz    d͡z    ʒ
dž    d͡ʒ    ǯ
e    e    e
é    eː    é
f    f    f
g    g    g
h    ɦ    h
ch    x    x
i    ɪ    i
í    iː    í
j    j    j
k    k    k
l    l, l̩    l
ĺ    l̩ː    ĺ̥
ľ    ʎ, lʲ    ľ
m    m    m
n    n    n
ň    ɲ, nʲ    ň
o    ɔ    o
ó    ɔː    ó
ô    u̯o    ŭo
p    p    p
q    kv    kv
r    r, r̩    r
ŕ    r̩ː    ŕ̥
s    s    s
š    ʃ    š
t    t    t
ť    c, tʲ    ť
u    u    u
ú    uː    ú
v    v    v
w    v    v
x    ks    ks
y    ɪ    i
ý    iː    í
z    z    z
ž    ʒ    ž
Some additional notes (transcriptions in IPA unless otherwise stated):
Pronunciation of ä as [æ] is already archaic (or dialectical) but still considered correct by some authorities; the other standard pronunciation today is [ɛ].
r and l can be syllabic /r̩/ and /l̩/ and behave as vowels. When they are used in this manner, they are written with the acute accent (ŕ and ĺ). e.g., vlk (wolf), prst (finger), štvrť (quarter), krk (neck), bisyllabic vĺča—vĺ-ča (wolfling), vŕba—vŕ-ba (willow-tree), etc.
ch, normally the unvoiced [x], has a voiced allophone resulting from assimilation [ɣ].
The graphic group -ou (at the end of words) is pronounced [ɔu̯] but is not considered a separate diphthong. Its phonemic interpretation is /ov/.
ia, ie, iu form diphthongs /i̯a/ /i̯e/ /i̯u/ in native Slovak words, but two monophtongs in foreign and loan words.
m has the allophone [ɱ] in front of the labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/.
n in front of (post)alveolar fricatives has an allophone written as /n̶/ in Slovak phonemic transcription.
n can be [ŋ] in front of the velar plosives /k/ and /g/.
f can be voiced [f̬] as a result of phonetic assimilation.

Syntax

The main features of Slovak syntax are:
The verb (predicate) agrees in person and number with its subject, for example:
Speváčka spieva. (The+female+singer is+singing.)
(Speváčk-a spieva-0, where -0 is a third person singular ending)
Speváčky spievajú. (The+female+singers are+singing.)
(Speváčk-y spieva-j-ú; -ú is a third person plural ending, and /j/ is a hiatus sound)
My speváčky spievame. (We the+female+singers are+singing.)
(My speváčk-y spieva-me, where -me is the first person plural ending)
and so forth.
Adjectives, pronouns and numerals agree in person, gender and case with the noun to which it refers(see Slovak declension).
Adjectives precedes their noun. Botanic or zoological terms are exceptions (for example, mačka divá, literally “cat wild”, Felis silvestris).
Word order in Slovak is relatively free, since strong inflection enables the identification of thematic role (subject, object, predicate, etc.) regardless of its placement. This relatively free word order allows the use of word order in information structure.