Punjabi Keyboard Layout
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| Punjabi پنجابی, ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, Pañjābī |
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|---|---|---|
| The word “Punjabi” in Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi.: |
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| Spoken in: | Pakistan and India. Minor populations in UK, Saudi Arabia, UAE, USA, Canada, Australia, France, Germany, Hong Kong, New Zealand, South Africa, Suriname, Guyana. | |
| Region: | Punjab | |
| Total speakers: | 88,000,000 (Ethnologue 2005 estimate)[1] 57,129,000 (Encarta)[2] Western Punjabi: 61–62 million, Eastern Punjabi 28 million (2000 WCD) |
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| Ranking: | 9-11 (varies with sources) | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Punjabi |
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| Writing system: | Gurmukhi in Punjab (India) and Sikh diaspora Shahmukhi in Punjab (Pakistan) Devanagari (mainly used by Hindus) |
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Punjabi language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Punjabi (پنجابی in Shahmukhi script), (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script), (Pañjābī in transliteration) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by inhabitants of the historical Punjab region (now split between Pakistan and India) and their diasporas. Speakers include adherents of the religions of Islam, Sikhism and Hinduism.
According to various sources, Punjabi has approximately 90-100 million native speakers, which makes it approximately the 11th most widely spoken language in the world. According to the Ethnologue 2005 estimate[4], there are 88 million native speakers of the Punjabi language. According to the 2002 census of Pakistan[5], there are approximately 63 million native speakers of Punjabi in Pakistan, and according to the Census of India, there are over 29 million Punjabi speakers in India[6].
Along with Lahanda and Western Pahari languages, Punjabi is unusual among modern Indo-European languages in being a tonal language.[7][8][9][10]
In his Linguistic Survey of India, the linguist George Abraham Grierson used the word “Punjabi” to refer to several languages spoken in the Punjab region: the term “Western Punjabi” (ISO 639-3 pnb) covered Saraiki, while the term “Eastern Punjabi” referred to the language based on Majhi dialect (ISO 639-3 pan). The term “Punjabi language” today generally refers to the language based on the Majhi dialect of the historical region of Majha, which spans the Lahore, Sheikhupura, Kasur, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Narowal, Gujrat and Jehlum Districts of the Pakistani Province of Punjab and Amritsar District and Gurdaspur District of the Indian State of Punjabi.
Writing system
There are several different scripts used for writing the Punjabi language, depending on the region and the dialect spoken, as well as the religion of the speaker. In the Punjab province of Pakistan, the script used is Persio-Arabic and is essentially same as Urdu script. In the Indian state of Punjab, Sikhs and others use the Gurmukhī (from the mouth of the Gurus) script. Hindus, and those living in neighbouring Indian states such as Haryana and Himachal Pradesh sometimes use the Devanāgarī script. Gurmukhī and Shahmukhi scripts are the most commonly used for writing Punjabi and are considered the official scripts of the language.
Transliteration
In matters of script, Punjabi uses Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi. On this grammar page, Punjabi is written in “standard orientalist” transcription as outlined in Masica (1991:xv). Being “primarily a system of transliteration from the Indian scripts, [and] based in turn upon Sanskrit” (cf. IAST), these are its salient features: subscript dots for retroflex consonants; macrons for etymologically, contrastively long vowels; h denoting aspirated stops. Tildes denote nasalized vowels, while grave and acute accents denote low and high tones respectively.
Vowels and consonants are outlined in the tables below. Hovering the mouse cursor over them will reveal the appropriate IPA symbol, while in the rest of the article hovering the mouse cursor over underlined forms will reveal the appropriate English translation. See Punjabi language#Phonology for further clarification.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | ī | ū | |
| Mid | i | u | |
| e | a | o | |
| Open | ai | ā | au |
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p ph |
b | t th |
d | ṭ ṭh |
ḍ | k kh |
g | ||||||||
| Affricate | c ch |
j | ||||||||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ṇ | ñ | ṅ | |||||||||||
| Fricative | f | s | z | ś | x | ġ | h | |||||||||
| Tap or Flap | r | ṛ | ||||||||||||||
| Approximant | v | y | ||||||||||||||
| Lateral approximant |
l | ḷ | ||||||||||||||
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