Download Virtual Screen Keyboard
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Arabic keyboard
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Arabic Keyboard Layout
Download Frontype Virtual Arabic Keyboard
Frontype is a virtual screen keyboard for fast typing.
كيفية إضافة ” و ” تمكين لغات إضافية في Windows
عودة إلى الأعلىنظام التشغيل Windows XP
لتثبيت لغة أخرى وتخطيط لوحة المفاتيح في نظام التشغيل Windows XP ” ، اتبع الخطوات التالية:
- في القائمة ابدأ القياسية نظام التشغيل Windows XP انقر فوق ابدأ وانقر من ثم انقر فوق لوحة التحكم .في القائمة ابدأ الكلاسيكية نظام التشغيل Windows XP فوق ابدأ , انقر فوق إعدادات ومن ثم انقر فوق لوحة التحكم .
- انقر نقراً مزدوجاً فوق الخيارات الإقليمية وخيارات اللغة خيارات .
- فوق علامة التبويب لغات ومن ثم انقر فوق تفاصيل تحت “نص خدمات و لغات إدخال”.
- انقر فوق إضافة ضمن “تثبيت خدمات” ثم انقر اللغة التي تريد إضافة وتخطيط لوحة المفاتيح الذي تريد استخدامه لتلك اللغة.
- لتكوين إعدادات شريط اللغة ” ، انقر فوق ” من ” شريط اللغة ” تحت “تفضيلات” “.
Arabic language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Arabic
العربية al-ʿarabīyah
al-ʿArabīyah in written Arabic (Naskh script):
Pronunciation: /alˌʕaraˈbiːja/
Spoken in: Primarily in the Arab states of the Middle East and North Africa;
liturgical language of Islam.
Total speakers: Approx. 280 million native speakers[1] and 250 million non-native speakers[2]
Ranking: 5 (native speakers, Ethnologue estimate)
Language family: Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
West Semitic
Central Semitic
Arabic
Arabic
Writing system: Arabic alphabet, Syriac alphabet (Garshuni), Bengali script [1] [2]
Official status
Official language in: Official language of 25 countries, the third most after English and French[4]
List[show]
Regulated by: Syria: Arab Academy of Damascus (the oldest)
Egypt: Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo
Iraq: Iraqi Science Academy
Sudan: Academy of the Arabic Language in Khartum
Morocco: Academy of the Arabic Language in Rabat
Jordan: Jordan Academy of Arabic
Libya: Academy of the Arabic Language in Jamahiriya
Tunisia: Beit Al-Hikma Foundation
Israel: Academy of the Arabic Language[3]
Language codes
ISO 639-1: ar
ISO 639-2: ara
ISO 639-3: ara – Arabic (generic)
Arabic (العربية al-ʿarabīyah; less formally: عربي ʿarabi) is a Central Semitic language, thus related to and classified alongside other Semitic languages such as Hebrew and Aramaic. In terms of speakers, Arabic is the largest member of the Semitic language family. It is spoken by more than 280 million[1] people as a first language and by 250 million[5] more as a second language. Most native speakers live in the Middle East and North Africa. Different spoken varieties of Arabic exist and differ according to region. Not all of the varieties are mutually intelligible and speakers may use a sort of medial language with features common to most Arabic varieties to communicate with speakers of mutually unintelligible varieties. Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools, universities, and used in the office and the media.
Modern Standard Arabic derives from Classical Arabic, the only surviving member of the Old North Arabian dialect group, attested in Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions dating back to the 4th century.[6] Classical Arabic has also been a literary language and the liturgical language of Islam since its inception in the 7th century.
Arabic has lent many words to other languages of the Islamic world. During the Middle Ages, Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed numerous words from it. Arabic influence is seen in Mediterranean languages, particularly Spanish, Portuguese, Maltese, and Sicilian, due to both the proximity of European and Arab civilization and 700 years of Arab rule in the Iberian peninsula (see Al-Andalus).
Arabic has also borrowed words from many languages, including Hebrew, Persian and Aramaic in early centuries, and contemporary European languages in modern times.
Writing system
The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic script (through Syriac and then Nabatean), to which it bears a loose resemblance like that of Coptic or Cyrillic script to Greek script. Traditionally, there were several differences between the Western (North African) and Middle Eastern version of the alphabet—in particular, the fa and qaf had a dot underneath and a single dot above respectively in the Maghreb, and the order of the letters was slightly different (at least when they were used as numerals). However, the old Maghrebi variant has been abandoned except for calligraphic purposes in the Maghreb itself, and remains in use mainly in the Quranic schools (zaouias) of West Africa. Arabic, like all other Semitic languages (except for the Latin-written Maltese, and the languages with the Ge’ez script), is written from right to left. There are several styles of script, notably Naskh which is used in print and by computers, and Ruq’ah which is commonly used in handwriting.
The Arabic alphabet (أبجدية عربية) is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa, such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. After the Latin alphabet, it is the second-most widely used alphabet around the world.
The alphabet was first used to write texts in Arabic, most notably the Qurʼan, the holy book of Islam. With the spread of Islam, it came to be used to write many other languages, even outside of the Semitic family to which Arabic belongs. Examples of non-Semitic languages written with the Arabic alphabet include Persian, Urdu, Pashto, Baloch, Malay, Hausa (in West Africa), Mandinka, Swahili (in East Africa), Balti, Brahui, Panjabi (in Pakistan), Kashmiri, Sindhi (in India and Pakistan), Uyghur (in China), Kazakh (in China), Kyrgyz (in China), Azerbaijani (in Iran), Kurdish (in Iraq and Iran) and the language of the former Ottoman Empire. In order to accommodate the needs of these other languages, new letters and other symbols were added to the original alphabet.
The Arabic script is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 basic letters. Because some of the vowels are indicated with optional symbols, it can be classified as an abjad. Just as different handwriting styles and typefaces exist in the Roman alphabet, the Arabic script has a number of different styles of calligraphy, including Naskh, Nastaʿlīq, Shahmukhi, Ruq’ah, Thuluth, Kufic, Sini and Hijazi.
Arabic abjad
Type Abjad
Spoken languages Arabic, Persian, Kurdish, Baloch, Urdu, Pashto, Punjabi, Sindhi, Malay (limited usage) and others.
Time period 400 CE to the present
Parent systems
Proto-Canaanite
→ Phoenician
→ Aramaic
→ Nabataean or Syriac
→ Arabic abjad
Unicode range U+0600 to U+06FF
U+0750 to U+077F
U+FB50 to U+FDFF
U+FE70 to U+FEFF
ISO 15924 Arab (#160)
Arabic alphabet
ا ب ت ث ج ح
خ د ذ ر ز س
ش ص ض ط ظ ع
غ ف ق ك ل
م ن ه و ي
لوحة المفاتيح (حوسبة)
لوحة المفاتيح شكل أساسي هي أداة أساسية لإدخال البيانات إلى جهاز الحاسوب عن طريق أزرار. و تأخذ هذه الأزرار قيم لأحرف أو أرقام أو رموز.
قبل اختراع الحاسوب كانت توجد الآلة الكاتبة وتم أخذ الكثير من الحروف من تخطيط الآله الكاتبة إلى لوحة مفاتيح الحاسب الآلي. حيث أن صحفي وكاتب يدعي كروستوفر شولز هو مخترع الآلة الكاتبة في عام 1874 وبعد عده محاولات وإخفاقات كثيرة في تصميم لوحة المفاتيح نجح هذا التصميم وباعه لأحد الشركات . في البداية كان التخطيط مرتب ابجدياً ثم تبعا لنصحية أحد زملاء كروستوفر حاول أن يضع الحروف الأكثر استخداما في الصف الأساسي أعاد تخطيط لوحة المفاتيح تبعاً للحروف الأكثر استخداماً وشيوعاً ويطلق علي هذا التخطيط اسم QWERTY وهو اسم أول ستة حروف في لوحة المفاتيح. و يوجد تخطيط آخر هام وهو Dvorak Simplified Keyboard.
يستخدم تخطيط لوحة المفاتيح العربية من أجل كتابة الحروف العربية، حيث يخصص لكل حرف مفتاح على لوحة المفاتيح، بالإضافة إلى استخدام مفتاح الأعلى Shift من أجل الحصول على الرموز الخاصة، أشكال همزة الألف، وحركات التشكيل.
[] التشكيلات البديلة للوحة المفاتيح للغات الأخرى
تستخدم تشكيلات بديلة للوحة المفاتيح للسماح للمستخدمين بالكتابة بلغات بديلة على مستوى كامل النظام. وهي تعمل بحيث أن أحد محددات بيئة العمل يحمل قيمة تشكيلة لوحة المفاتيح للغة البديلة ويقوم النظام بناء عليها بترجمة ضربات المفاتيح ذات القيمة الثابتة إلى رموز أخرى تحددها تشكيلة لوحة المفاتيح، فعلى سبيل المثال، عند تغيير تشكيلة لوحة المفاتيح من الإنجليزية إلى العربية، فإن الضرب على مفتاح A الإنجليزي، ينتج في كلا الحالتين (في حال الوجود ضمن إعداد التشكيلة الإنجليزية أو العربية) ذات القيمة المدخلة للحاسوب، ولكن النظام يقوم بترجمة هذا المدخل إلى القيمة المناظرة في اللغة العربية والتي هي الحرف ش.
تقوم بعض البرامج القديمة والتي صممت للعمل بلغات بديلة دون أن تكون البيئة ذاتها داعمة لتلك اللغات بأخذ هذا العمل على عاتقها، حيث يقوم البرنامج نفسه بترجمة القيم المدخلة إلى تلك المناظرة في اللغة المطلوبة.
[] لوحة المفاتيح العربية عبر متصفح الإنترنت
هذه اللوحة مصممة بإحدى لغات البرمجة المتوافقة مع متصفح الإنترنت وهي تقدم الفرصة للذين يملكون لوحة مفاتيح غير عربية الكتابة باللغة العربية عن طريق الفأرة أو عن طريق لوحة لاتنية بحيث يستبدل الحرف من اللوحة الغير عربية إلى حرف عربي.
لوحة المفاتيح (حوسبة)
من ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة
لوحة المفاتيح شكل أساسي هي أداة أساسية لإدخال البيانات إلى جهاز الحاسوب عن طريق أزرار. و تأخذ هذه الأزرار قيم لأحرف أو أرقام أو رموز.
محتويات |
[عدل] تخطيط لوحة المفاتيح
قبل اختراع الحاسوب كانت توجد الآلة الكاتبة وتم أخذ الكثير من الحروف من تخطيط الآله الكاتبة إلى لوحة مفاتيح الحاسب الآلي. حيث أن صحفي وكاتب يدعي كروستوفر شولز هو مخترع الآلة الكاتبة في عام 1874 وبعد عده محاولات وإخفاقات كثيرة في تصميم لوحة المفاتيح نجح هذا التصميم وباعه لأحد الشركات . في البداية كان التخطيط مرتب ابجدياً ثم تبعا لنصحية أحد زملاء كروستوفر حاول أن يضع الحروف الأكثر استخداما في الصف الأساسي أعاد تخطيط لوحة المفاتيح تبعاً للحروف الأكثر استخداماً وشيوعاً ويطلق علي هذا التخطيط اسم QWERTY وهو اسم أول ستة حروف في لوحة المفاتيح. و يوجد تخطيط آخر هام وهو Dvorak Simplified Keyboard.
[
عدل] تخطيط لوحة المفاتيح العربية
يستخدم تخطيط لوحة المفاتيح العربية من أجل كتابة الحروف العربية، حيث يخصص لكل حرف مفتاح على لوحة المفاتيح، بالإضافة إلى استخدام مفتاح الأعلى Shift من أجل الحصول على الرموز الخاصة، أشكال همزة الألف، وحركات التشكيل.
[] التشكيلات البديلة للوحة المفاتيح للغات الأخرى
تستخدم تشكيلات بديلة للوحة المفاتيح للسماح للمستخدمين بالكتابة بلغات بديلة على مستوى كامل النظام. وهي تعمل بحيث أن أحد محددات بيئة العمل يحمل قيمة تشكيلة لوحة المفاتيح للغة البديلة ويقوم النظام بناء عليها بترجمة ضربات المفاتيح ذات القيمة الثابتة إلى رموز أخرى تحددها تشكيلة لوحة المفاتيح، فعلى سبيل المثال، عند تغيير تشكيلة لوحة المفاتيح من الإنجليزية إلى العربية، فإن الضرب على مفتاح A الإنجليزي، ينتج في كلا الحالتين (في حال الوجود ضمن إعداد التشكيلة الإنجليزية أو العربية) ذات القيمة المدخلة للحاسوب، ولكن النظام يقوم بترجمة هذا المدخل إلى القيمة المناظرة في اللغة العربية والتي هي الحرف ش.
تقوم بعض البرامج القديمة والتي صممت للعمل بلغات بديلة دون أن تكون البيئة ذاتها داعمة لتلك اللغات بأخذ هذا العمل على عاتقها، حيث يقوم البرنامج نفسه بترجمة القيم المدخلة إلى تلك المناظرة في اللغة المطلوبة.
[] لوحة المفاتيح العربية عبر متصفح الإنترنت
هذه اللوحة مصممة بإحدى لغات البرمجة المتوافقة مع متصفح الإنترنت وهي تقدم الفرصة للذين يملكون لوحة مفاتيح غير عربية الكتابة باللغة العربية عن طريق الفأرة أو عن طريق لوحة لاتنية بحيث يستبدل الحرف من اللوحة الغير عربية إلى حرف عربي.
[] وصلات خارجية
The Latest news fron the WEB concerning Arabic Keyboard
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Armenian Keyboard Layout
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Armenian language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Armenian language (հայերեն լեզու, Armenian pronunciation: [hɑjɛɹɛn lɛzu] — hayeren lezow, conventional short form hayeren) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian people. It is the official language of the Republic of Armenia as well as in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. The language is also widely spoken by Armenian communities in the Armenian diaspora. It has its own script, the Armenian alphabet.
Linguists typically classify Armenian as an independent branch of the Indo-European language family.[3] Some Indo-Europeanists, notably Clackson (1994), have proposed that Armenian may have been grouped together with the Hellenic branch (Greek). This is called the Graeco-Armenian Hypothesis, in combination with a Graeco-Aryan hypothesis (Renfrew, Clackson and Fortson 1994).
Armenian alphabet
The Armenian alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the year 405 or 406. Up to the 19th century, Classical Armenian had been the literary language; since then, the Armenian alphabet has been used to write the two modern dialects of Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian. են The Armenian word for “alphabet” is այբուբեն aybuben (Armenian pronunciation: [ɑɪbubɛn]), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet Ա այբ ayb and Բ բեն ben.
| Letter | Name | Pronunciation | Transliteration | Numerical value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional | Reformed | Pronunciation | Classical | Eastern | Western | Classical | ISO 9985 | ||||
| Classical | Eastern | Western | |||||||||
| Ա ա | այբ | [aɪb] | [aɪpʰ] | [ɑ] | a | 1 | |||||
| Բ բ | բեն | [bɛn] | [pʰɛn] | [b] | [pʰ] | b | 2 | ||||
| Գ գ | գիմ | [ɡim] | [kʰim] | [ɡ] | [kʰ] | g | 3 | ||||
| Դ դ | դա | [dɑ] | [tʰɑ] | [d] | [tʰ] | d | 4 | ||||
| Ե ե | եչ | [jɛtʃʰ] | [ɛ], initially [jɛ]1 | e | 5 | ||||||
| Զ զ | զա | [zɑ] | [z] | z | 6 | ||||||
| Է է | է | [ɛː] | [ɛ] | [ɛː] | [ɛ] | ē | 7 | ||||
| Ը ը | ըթ | [ətʰ] | [ə] | ə | ë | 8 | |||||
| Թ թ | թօ[1] | թո | [tʰo] | [tʰ] | tʿ | t’ | 9 | ||||
| Ժ ժ | ժէ | ժե | [ʒɛː] | [ʒɛ] | [ʒ] | ž | 10 | ||||
| Ի ի | ինի | [ini] | [i] | i | 20 | ||||||
| Լ լ | լիւն | լյուն | [lʏn]2 | [l] | l | 30 | |||||
| Խ խ | խէ | խե | [χɛː] | [χɛ] | [χ] | x | 40 | ||||
| Ծ ծ | ծա | [tsɑ] | [tsʼɑ] | [dzɑ] | [ts] | [tsʼ] | [dz] | c | ç | 50 | |
| Կ կ | կեն | [kɛn] | [kʼɛn] | [gɛn] | [k] | [kʼ] | [g] | k | 60 | ||
| Հ հ | հօ[1] | հո | [ho] | [h] | h | 70 | |||||
| Ձ ձ | ձա | [dzɑ] | [tsʰɑ] | [dz] | [tsʰ] | j | 80 | ||||
| Ղ ղ | ղատ | [ɫɑt] | [ʁɑtʼ] | [ʁɑd] | [ɫ] | [ʁ] | ł | ġ | 90 | ||
| Ճ ճ | ճէ | ճե | [tʃɛː] | [tʃʼɛ] | [ʤɛ] | [tʃ] | [tʃʼ] | [ʤ] | č | č̣ | 100 |
| Մ մ | մեն | [mɛn] | [m] | m | 200 | ||||||
| Յ յ | յի | հի | [ji] | [hi] | [j] | [h]3, [j] | y | 300 | |||
| Ն ն | նու | [nu] | [n] | n | 400 | ||||||
| Շ շ | շա | [ʃɑ] | [ʃ] | š | 500 | ||||||
| Ո ո | ո | [o] | [vo] | [o], initially [vo]4 | o | 600 | |||||
| Չ չ | չա | [tʃʰɑ] | [tʃʰ] | č‘ | č | 700 | |||||
| Պ պ | պէ | պե | [pɛː] | [pʼɛ] | [bɛ] | [p] | [pʼ] | [b] | p | 800 | |
| Ջ ջ | ջէ | ջե | [ʤɛː] | [ʤɛ] | [tʃʰɛ] | [ʤ] | [tʃʰ] | ǰ | 900 | ||
| Ռ ռ | ռա | [rɑ] | [ɾɑ] | [r] | [ɾ] | ṙ | 1000 | ||||
| Ս ս | սէ | սե | [sɛː] | [sɛ] | [s] | s | 2000 | ||||
| Վ վ | վեւ | վեվ | [vɛv] | [v] | v | 3000 | |||||
| Տ տ | տիւն | տյուն | [tʏn] | [tʼʏn]5 | [dʏn] | [t] | [tʼ] | [d] | t | 4000 | |
| Ր ր | րէ | րե | [ɹɛː] | [ɹɛ]6 | [ɾɛ] | [ɹ]6 | [ɾ] | r | 5000 | ||
| Ց ց | ցօ[1] | ցո | [tsʰo] | [tsʰ] | cʿ | c’ | 6000 | ||||
| Ւ ւ | հիւն | N/A7 | [hʏn] | [w] | [v]8 | w | 7000 | ||||
| Փ փ | փիւր | փյուր | [pʰʏɹ]9 | [pʰʏɾ] | [pʰ] | pʿ | p’ | 8000 | |||
| Ք ք | քէ | քե | [kʰɛː] | [kʰɛ] | [kʰ] | kʿ | k’ | 9000 | |||
| Added during the thirteenth century | |||||||||||
| Օ օ | օ | [o] | [o] | ō | ò | N/A | |||||
| Ֆ ֆ | ֆէ | ֆե | [fɛː] | [fɛ] | [f] | f | N/A | ||||
| Letter | Traditional | Reformed | Classical | Eastern | Western | Classical | Eastern | Western | Classical | ISO 9985 | Numerical value |
| Pronunciation | |||||||||||
| Name | Pronunciation | Transliteration | |||||||||
Transliteration
ISO 9985 (1996) transliterates the Armenian alphabet for modern Armenian as follows:
-
ա բ գ դ ե զ է ը թ ժ ի լ խ ծ կ հ ձ ղ ճ մ յ ն շ ո չ պ ջ ռ ս վ տ ր ց ւ փ ք օ ֆ ու և a b g d e z ē ë t’ ž i l x ç k h j ġ č̣ m y n š o č p ǰ ṙ s v t r c’ w p’ k’ ò f ow ew
In linguistic literature on Classical Armenian, slightly different systems are in use (in particular note that č has a different meaning). Hübschmann-Meillet (1913) have
-
ա բ գ դ ե զ է ը թ ժ ի լ խ ծ կ հ ձ ղ ճ մ յ ն շ ո չ պ ջ ռ ս վ տ ր ց ւ փ ք օ ֆ ու և a b g d e z ê ə t῾ ž i l x c k h j ł č m y n š o č῾ p ǰ r̄ s v t r c῾ w p῾ k῾ ô f u ev
| Armenian Հայերեն Hayeren |
||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, Iran, France, Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Georgia, Canada, United States Nagorno-Karabakh (not recognized internationally) |
|
| Total speakers: | 5.5 million [1] | |
| Ranking: | 94 | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Armenian |
|
| Writing system: | Armenian alphabet | |
| Official status | ||
| Official language in: |  Armenia Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
Minority language:[2]  Cyprus |
|
| Regulated by: | National Academy of Sciences of Armenia | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | hy | |
| ISO 639-2: | arm (B) | hye (T) |
| ISO 639-3: | variously: hye – Modern Armenian xcl – Classical Armenian axm – Middle Armenian |
|
Azerbaijani Keyboard Layouts
Клавиатурный тренажер слепой печати
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Azerbaijani language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Azerbaijani (also Azeri, Azari, Azeri Turkic, Azerbaijani Turkic) is a language belonging to the Turkic language family, spoken in southwestern Asia, primarily in Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. Azeri is member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages and is closely related to Turkish.
Azerbaijani alphabet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In Republic of Azerbaijan, the Azerbaijani alphabet may refer to either of two alphabets used to write the Azerbaijani language: one Cyrillic-based alphabet and one Latin-based alphabet. These superseded a previous version formed from the Arabic alphabet.
In Iran, the Perso-Arabic script is used to write the Azeri language, with several characters borrowed from other Arabic-based writing systems or invented for Azeri. While there has been a few standardization efforts, the orthography and the set of letters to use differs widely among Iranian Azeri writers, with at least two major branches, the orthography used by Behzad Behzadi and the Azari magazine, and the orthography used by the Varliq magazine (both are quarterlies published in Tehran).
Transliteration
The Perso-Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets each have a different sequence of letters. The table below is ordered according to the latest Latin alphabet:
Azerbaijani Alphabet Transliteration Table
Perso-Arabic Latin Cyrillic Latin IPA
—1918 1918–1939 1939–1991 1992—
ﺍ A a А а A a [ɑ:]
ﺏ B в Б б B b [b]
ﺝ Ç ç Ҹ ҹ C c [ʤ]
چ C c Ч ч Ç ç [ʧ]
ﺩ D d Д д D d [d]
ﻩ E e Е е E e [ɛ]
ع Ə ə Ə ə Ə ə [æ]
ﻑ F f Ф ф F f [f]
گ G g Ҝ ҝ G g [gʲ]
ﻍ Ƣ ƣ Ғ ғ Ğ ğ [ɣ]
ﺡ,ﻩ H h Һ һ H h [h]
ﺥ X x Х х X x [x]
ی Ь ь Ы ы I ı [ɯ]
ی I i И и İ i [ɪ]
ژ Ƶ ƶ Ж ж J j [ʒ]
ک K k К к K k [k]
ﻕ Q q Г г Q q [g]
ﻝ L l Л л L l [l]
ﻡ M m М м M m [m]
ﻥ N n Н н N n [n]
ﻭ O o О о O o [ɔ]
ﻭ Ɵ ɵ Ө ө Ö ö [œ]
پ P p П п P p [p]
ﺭ R r Р р R r [r]
ﺙ,ﺱ,ﺹ S s С с S s [s]
ﺵ Ş ş Ш ш Ş ş [ʃ]
ﺕ,ﻁ T t Т т T t [t]
ﻭ U u У у U u [u]
ﻭ Y y Ү ү Ü ü [y]
ﻭ V v В в V v [v]
ی J j Ј ј Y y [j]
ﺫ,ﺯ,ﺽ,ﻅ Z z З з Z z [z]
n the Republic of Azerbaijan, North Azeri now officially uses the Latin alphabet, but the Cyrillic alphabet is also in wide use, while in Iran, South Azeri uses the Perso-Arabic script. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets for North Azeri (although the Cyrillic alphabet has a different order):
Aa Аа آ ا
Əə Әә ا ه
Bb Бб ب
Cc Ҹҹ ج
Çç Чч چ
Dd Дд د
Ee Ее ئ
Ff Фф ف
Gg Ҝҝ گ
Ğğ Ғғ غ
Hh Һһ ه ح
Xx Хх خ
Iı Ыы ی
İi Ии ی
Jj Жж ژ
Kk Кк ک
Qq Гг ق
Ll Лл ل
Mm Мм م
Nn Нн ن
Oo Оо و
Öö Өө ؤ
Pp Пп پ
Rr Рр ر
Ss Сс س ص ث
Şş Шш ش
Tt Тт ت ط
Uu Уу و
Üü Үү و
Vv Вв و
Yy Јј ی
Zz Зз ز ذ ظ ض
Before 1929, Azeri was only written in the Perso-Arabic script. In 1929–1938 a Latin alphabet was in use for North Azeri (although it was different from the one used now), from 1938 to 1991 the Cyrillic alphabet was used, and in 1991 the current Latin alphabet was introduced, although the transition to it has been rather slow. If written in the Latin alphabet, all foreign words are transliterated, for example, “Bush” becomes “Buş”, and “Schröder” becomes “Şröder”.
South Azeri speakers in Iran have always continued to use the Perso-Arabic script, although the spelling and orthography is not yet standardized.
Nomenclature
In 1992–1993, when Azerbaijan Popular Front Party was in power in Azerbaijan, the official language of Azerbaijan was renamed by the parliament to Türk dili (”Turkic”). However, since 1994 the Soviet era name of the language, Azərbaycan dili (”Azerbaijani”), has been re-established and reflected in the Constitution. Varlıq, the most important literary Azeri magazine published in Iran, uses the term Türki (”Turkish” in English or “Torki” in Persian) to refer to the Azeri language. South Azeri speakers in Iran often refer to the language as Türki, distinguishing it from İstambuli Türki (”Anatolian Turkish”), the official language of Turkey. Some people also consider Azeri to be a dialect of a greater Turkish language and call it Azərbaycan Türkcəsi (”Azerbaijani Turkish”), and scholars such as Vladimir Minorsky used this definition in their works. ISO and the Unicode Consortium, call the macrolanguage “Azeri” and its two varieties “North Azeri” and “South Azeri”. According to the Linguasphere Observatory, all Oghuz languages form part of a single ‘outer language’ of which “Azeri-N.” and “Azeri-S.” are ‘inner languages’.
Consonants
Consonant phonemes of Standard Azeri
Labial Dental/
Alveolar Post-
alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n̪
Stop p b t̪ d̪ tʃ dʒ c ɟ k ɡ
Fricative f v s̪ z̪ ʃ ʒ x ɣ h
Approximant l j
Tap ɾ
/tʃ/ and /dʒ/ are realised as [ts] and [dz] respectively in the areas around Tabriz and to the west, south and southwest of Tabriz (including Kirkuk in Iraq); in the Nakhchivan and Ayrum dialects, in Jabrayil and some Caspian coastal dialects;[22]
In many dialects of Azeri, /c/ is realized as [ç] when it is found in the coda position or is preceded by a voiceless consonant (as in çörək [tʃœˈɾæç] - “bread”; səksən [sæçˈsæn] - “eighty”).
/k/ appears only in words borrowed from Russian or French (spelled, as with /c/, with a k).
/w/ exists in the Kirkuk dialect as an allophone of /v/ in Arabic loanwords.
In the Baku dialect, /ov/ may be realised as [oʷ], and /ev/ and /œv/ as [œʷ], e.g. /ɡovurˈma/ → [ɡoʷurˈma], /sevˈda/ → [sœʷˈda], /dœvˈran/ → [dœʷˈran][citation needed]
Azerbaijani
Azərbaycan dili (Latin script)
Азәрбајҹан дили (Cyrillic script)
آذربایجان دیلی (Perso-Arabic script)
Pronunciation: /azærbajdʒan dili/
Spoken in: Iran,
Azerbaijan,
Georgia,
Russia,
UK
USA
Uzbekistan
Syria
Iraq[1],
Turkey,
Ukraine,
Canada
Total speakers: 31 million [2]
Ranking: 34th (native speakers)
Language family: Altaic[3] (controversial)
Turkic
Oghuz
Azerbaijani
Writing system: Latin alphabet for North Azeri in Azerbaijan, Perso-Arabic script for South Azeri in Iran, and, formerly, Cyrillic alphabet for North Azeri (Azerbaijani variants)
Official status
Official language in: Azerbaijan (North Azeri),
Iran - constitutional status as a regional language
Regulated by: No official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1: az
ISO 639-2: aze
ISO 639-3: variously:
aze – Azerbaijani (generic)
azj – North Azerbaijani
azb – South Azerbaijani
Belgian Keyboard Layout
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AZERTY
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The AZERTY layout is a keyboard layout used in several (at least partially) French-speaking countries, including France and Belgium. The French language uses several accented letters, such as é, à and ô, as well as a few other symbols such as œ that do not occur in English. A QWERTY keyboard is therefore insufficient.
While preserving the position of most letters, AZERTY keyboards represent a significant departure from the QWERTY layout:
A and Q are swapped.
Z and W are swapped.
M is moved from the right of N to the right of L (where colon/semicolon is on a QWERTY keyboard).
The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but the shift key must be pressed to type them. The non-shifted keys are used for accented lowercase characters.
Most non-alphanumerical symbols are in different locations.
The swapping of letters was made to accommodate letter frequencies in French, which are different from English ones.[citation needed] For instance, the letter W is much rarer in French than in English, while Z is slightly more frequent.
AZERTY keyboards do not fully meet standards for the French language. The Imprimerie Nationale recommends that capitalized letters be printed with their accent, but the AZERTY keyboard does not provide a simple way to type capitalized accented letters. French quotation marks « » are also missing.
The AZERTY keyboard is also criticized[citation needed] for having seldom-used symbols, such as § and µ, on the normal and shifted state of keys. These symbols could be transferred to the AltGr state, and be replaced with more common characters. Similarly, the period and semicolon are on the same key, but shift has to be pressed to obtain the period, even though periods are far more frequent than semicolons. The same goes for the percent sign and ù, which is found in only one word, où (”where”).
The Belgian AZERTY was developed from the French AZERTY and some adaptations were made in the 1980s. All letters are the same as on the French keyboard, but some punctuation signs (? ! @ - _ + = §) are in different positions. Unlike French AZERTY which has English terms such as “Escape” translated as “échap”, the Belgian layout uses the traditional English words and terminology for all keys. It is also notable that this layout is commonly used in the whole of Belgium, while Dutch is the native language for more than half of its citizens.
In Canada, where the practice of writing accents on capital letters is generally followed, enhanced QWERTY keyboard layouts are used instead of AZERTY. Two slightly different layouts coexist, the Canadian Multilingual Standard and the Canadian French layout. Both allow easy typing of accented capital letters and of French quotation marks. However they too lack an œ key.
On the Wii video game console, regardless of region, if the menu language is set to French, the AZERTY layout is used, although the North American instruction manual calls it a “QWERTY” keyboard in French.
Languages of Belgium
The Kingdom of Belgium has three official languages, which are, in order from the greatest speaker population to the smallest, Dutch, French, and German. A number of non-official, minority languages are spoken as well.
Dutch
Close to 60% of the country’s population speaks Dutch as their primary (Belgian) language.[1] Though the Dutch language version officially spoken in Belgium is almost identical with the one spoken in the Netherlands, it is often colloquially called “Flemish”. Dutch is the official language of the Flemish Community and the Flemish Region (merged to Flanders) and, along with French, an official language of the Brussels-Capital Region. The main Dutch dialects spoken in Belgium are Brabantian, West Flemish, East Flemish and Limburgish. Some sub-dialects may be quite distant from standard Dutch and not be readily intelligible for other Dutch-speakers. Words which are unique to Belgian Dutch are called belgicisms (as are words typical for Belgian French). The original Brabantian dialect of Brussels has been very heavily influenced by French, and in most cases replaced by it during the Frenchification of Brussels.
French
The second-most spoken primary (Belgian) language, with 40%, is French.[1] It is the official language of the French Community (which, like the Flemish Community, is a political entity), the dominant language in Wallonia (having also a small German-speaking Community) as well as the Brussels-Capital Region. Almost all of the inhabitants of the Capital region are able to speak French as either their primary language (50%) or as a lingua franca (45%).[2][3] There are also many Flemish people that are able to speak French as a second language. Belgian French is in most respects identical to standard, Parisian French, but differs in some points of vocabulary, pronunciation, and semantics. Ma vie en rose and Man Bites Dog are important Belgian films in the French language.
German
German is the least prevalent official language in Belgium, spoken natively by less than 1% of the population. Of the 71,000 person population of the German-speaking Community almost all are 100% German-speaking. This area of Belgium was taken as part of the Treaty of Versailles with Imperial Germany following World War I, and Nazi Germany re-annexed them during their invasion of Belgium during World War II.
Kingdom of Belgium
Koninkrijk België (Dutch)
Royaume de Belgique (French)
Königreich Belgien (German)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Eendracht maakt macht (Dutch)
L’union fait la force (French)
Einigkeit macht stark (German)
“Strength through Unity” (lit. “Unity creates Strength”, “Unity makes one strong”)
Anthem: The “Brabançonne”
Location of Belgium (dark green)
– on the European continent (light green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (light green) — [Legend]
Capital Brussels
50°51′N 4°21′E
Largest metropolitan area Brussels Capital Region
Official languages Dutch, French, German
Demonym Belgian
Government Parliamentary democracy and Constitutional monarchy
- King Albert II
- Prime Minister Herman Van Rompuy
Independence
- Declared 4 October 1830
- Recognized 19 April 1839
EU accession 25 March 1957
Area
- Total 30,528 km2 (139th)
11,787 sq mi
- Water (%) 6.4
Population
- 2008 estimate 10,666,866[1]
(76th [2005])
- 2001 census 10,296,350
- Density 344.32/km2 (2006) (29th [2005])
892/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2007 estimate
- Total $377.215 billion[2]
- Per capita $35,387[2]
GDP (nominal) 2007 estimate
- Total $454.283 billion[2]
- Per capita $42,617[2]
Gini (2000) 33 (medium) (33rd)
HDI (2005) ▲ 0.946 (high) (17th)
Currency Euro (€)1 (EU)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
- Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Internet TLD .be
Calling code 32